
Reveling in their reputation as the Stupid Party, the Tories normally do not ‘do’ political theory. Especially not the theory of the state, usually a Marxist preserve.
But Oliver Letwin (pictured) – irreverently dubbed Oliver Leftwing by sounder colleagues – is a brainy type of chap. And as the Conservatives’s policy review director, he is licensed to dabble in ideas.
Hence a speech to Policy Exchange earlier this week - posted a couple of hours ago on Conservative Home - in which he comes up with nothing less ambitious than a Cameroon critique of Marxism.
After offering the standard Tory disclaimers that Cameron Conservatism is ‘radically pragmatic rather than radically dogmatic’ and indeed ‘profoundly sceptical of theory as a guide to political action’, he proceeds to reassure the world that it is nevertheless based on ‘coherent theoretical dispositions’:
‘First, it is an attempt to shift the locus of debate from an econo-centric paradigm to a socio-centric paradigm.’
Paradigms already! The man’s obviously been on the Thomas Kuhn, and the sun isn’t even over the yardarm yet.
‘Second, it is an attempt to shift the theory of the state from a provision-based paradigm to a framework-based paradigm, within which government (apart from its perennial role in guaranteeing security and stability) is conceived principally as an agency for enabling individuals, families, associations and corporations to internalise externalities and hence to live up to social responsibilities without the further intervention of authority.’
Nothing new here. This is straightforward advocacy of a Friedman/Nozick minimalist ‘night watchman’ state position. It’ll organise the armed forces, police and prisons – the ‘repressive state apparatus’, if we really are talking political theory - and that’s your lot.
Letwin’s call for individuals to ‘internalise externalities’ and ‘live up to social responsibilities without the further intervention of authority’ is Cameroon codespeak for greater freedom to pay for your own healthcare. The opposite of a provision-based paradigm is a no-provision-based paradigm, is it not?
Just to underline his admiration for the glory days of laissez-faire, Letwin evokes the world before the arrival of Marxism:
‘Before Marx, politics was multi-dimensional - constitutional, social, environmental as well as economic. But Marx changed all that. The real triumph of Marxism consisted in the way that it defined the preoccupations not only of its supporters but also of its opponents.’
That’s nonsense, of course. Politics before Marx – at least in Britain – was mono-dimensional, the exclusive preserve of the aristocracy and upper class families. The sort of people that used to send their sons to Eton. The sort of people that still do send their sons to Eton, as witnessed by … well, the Cameron Conservative shadow cabinet, for example. Little wonder Letwin and friends are nostalgic for that lost world.
Meanwhile, I know from researching my own family tree, at least one of my forebears died in a workhouse. Others probably knew what the inside of a Poor Law Bastille looked like.
Politics before Marx was the politics of rotten boroughs, the politics of the disenfranchisement of almost all men and absolutely all women, the people that the top Tory intellectual of the day, Edmund Burke, decried as ‘the swinish multitude’. Nor was politics ‘environmental’ in any meaningful sense. This was the period were the worst pollution excesses of the industrial revolution.
The real triumph of Marxism was to act as one of the intellectual catalysts that galvanised a labour movement that – through its collective political action – was a vital factor in every single worthwhile democratic and social gain reluctantly conceded by the British ruling class in the twentieth century, always in the face of Conservative opposition.
‘After Marx, socialists defended socialism and free marketeers defended capitalism. For both sides, the centrepiece of the debate was the system of economic management. Politics became econo-centric.
‘But, as we begin the 21st century, things have changed. Since Thatcher, and despite recent recurrences of something like full-blooded socialism in some parts of Latin America, the capitalist/socialist debate has in general ceased to dominate modern politics. From Beijing to Brussels, the free market has won the battle of economic ideas …’
Here Letwin is correct, at least for the time being. Neoliberalism has been the ascendant ideology of the last three decades. And the world we see around us – from the homeless of Britain to the malnourished of Africa – is the consequence of that ascendancy.
‘Cameron Conservatives have recognised the profound consequences of the fact that we have entered a post-Marxist era. Politics - once econo-centric - must now become socio-centric …
‘The first theoretical advance (the first paradigm shift) of Cameron-Conservatism is to see that fact clearly - to refocus the debate, to change the terms of political trade, to ask a different set of questions.’
The successor to socialism, Letwin reiterates, is the ‘provision-theory of the modern state’:
‘The provision-theory accepts the free market as the engine of economic growth. But, just as Clause 4 socialism once saw the state as the proper provider of goods and services through ownership of the means of production, so the provision-theorists of Brownian New Labour see the state as the proper provider of public services and of well-being through direction and control.’
Yet as Blair has made plain, state provision is not central to New Labour’s vision. It’s not even peripheral. New Labour has rolled back the frontiers of the state further than Thatcherism ever dared, from the privatisation of prisons to open up the NHS to private contractors.
‘The Cameron Conservative framework-theory of the state is fundamentally different … The framework theory of the modern state sees government as having two fundamental roles: to guarantee the stability and security upon which, by common consent, both the free market and well-being depend; and, much more controversially, to establish a framework of support and incentive which enables and induces individual citizens and organisations to act in ways that fulfil not merely their own self-interested ambitions but also their wider social responsibilities.
‘It is in emphasising this second duty of government that Cameron Conservatism distinguishes itself radically from the provision-theory of Brownian New Labour.’
Not so sure it does, Oliver. The last soundbite could equally well have been spoken by a Blairite of the Blears ilk as by a Conservative theorist. The serious twenty-first century left will have to construct a counter-hegemony to the common sense of both.
Three out of ten for the political sociology essay. And two of those marks are simply for having the chutzpah to try it on.
Oliver Letwin versus historical materialism? Bit of a no-brainer, really.